Wilderness medicine中文
Wilderness Medicine, Step One: Scene Safety, Assessment, Rescue, Evacuation
The first step in field medicine is not treatment. It is not becoming the second casualty: make the scene safe, assess, call for help, keep them warm, then move.
In short
Start with scene safety — traffic, rockfall, avalanche, water, lightning, fire, gas — because a second casualty turns a rescue into two rescues. Then run a simplified ABCDE: airway, breathing, circulation, disability, exposure. Call for help with location, number of people, injuries and weather. Keep the patient warm and still, and only move them when the alternative is worse.
Every first aid course opens with the same idea, and it is the one people skip under stress: the scene comes before the patient. You cannot help anyone from inside the hazard.
Scene safety
- Check traffic, rockfall, avalanche, moving water, lightning, fire, power lines, gas or low oxygen. If it is not safe, move to safety first.
- Do not wade in, climb down or enter an avalanche zone to reach someone. Use a rope, a float, or equipment — and keep your own footing first.
- When one person is hurt, stop. Continuing the walk only enlarges the injury.
Assessment — a simplified ABCDE
- A — Airway: can they speak or cough? If not, call for help and follow your first aid training.
- B — Breathing: look at the chest, listen, feel for air. Not breathing: start CPR and get the AED if you have one, while someone calls for help.
- C — Circulation: control major bleeding first, then check pulse, consciousness and skin colour.
- D — Disability: alert, drowsy, confused or unresponsive. Record the time.
- E — Exposure: check the whole body for injury, then insulate. Do not leave them exposed.
Calling for help
- China: 110 police, 120 ambulance, 119 fire and rescue; in mountains and scenic areas, ask for the local rescue number. Abroad, find the local emergency and mountain rescue numbers first.
- Satellite SOS or PLB per the device instructions. Send coordinates, number of people, injuries, weather, route and a possible landing zone.
- Save phone battery. Do not send "help" — send where, what, and what you need.
- Leave one person with the patient. Do not send the whole group away.
Evacuation
- Can walk, and it is safe: walk slowly, lighten the load, with someone alongside. Never let an injured person descend alone.
- Cannot walk: shelter from wind and rain, insulate, improvise a stretcher or drag if trained, signal, and wait for rescue.
- Head, neck or spinal injury, altered consciousness, difficulty breathing, or uncontrolled bleeding: do not move them unless the scene itself is dangerous.
- Record: time of injury, mechanism, changes in consciousness, medication given, allergies, last food and drink.
Field medicine buys time. It does not replace a course, a guide or a hospital.
Source
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241513081Verified 2026-10-30
Source and verification date as published.